Monday, September 30, 2019

My World of Studies Essay

Haya, which literally means shame, bashfulness, and refraining from saying or doing anything improper or indecent, to describe one who, out of fear and awe of God, seeks to avoid displeasing Him. It urges one to be more careful, self-possessed, and self-controlled, for such restraint, if originating in feelings of modesty, result in paying God the respect He deserves. Combining the instinctive feeling of shame with modesty based on Islam forms the greatest safeguard against shameful or indecent acts. Alone, each one may be diminished or utterly lost. The words haya (modesty or feeling of shame) and hayat (life) come from the same root. This signifies that modesty is a sign of a lively heart, and that a heart’s liveliness depends on its owner’s belief and knowledge of God. If a heart is not fed continuously with belief and knowledge of God, it is almost impossible for it to remain lively and give rise to modesty. Narrated by Abu Huraira (ra): The Prophet said, â€Å"Faith (Belief) consists of more than sixty branches (i.e. parts). And Haya is a part of faith.† (Bukhari) The good Hayà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is to be ashamed to commit a sin or a thing which Allah and His Messenger (saws) has forbidden, and bad Hayà ¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is to feel ashamed to do a thing, which Allah and His Messenger (saws) ordered to do. DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAYA ∞Firstly, to talk about the types of Good haya. For example, anyone who is a believer, he/she should build their personalities and their character with the good dimensions of haya. The most important is that he/she must be shy of doing ANYTHING displeasing to Allah (swt), with the belief that he/she will have to answer for all their deeds. If one develops a sense such as this one, it will help the believer to obey all of Allah’s command and to stay away from sins. Once the believer realises that Allah (swt) is watching us all the time and we will have to answer to every move we make in this dunya, he/she would not neglect any order from Allah or His Messenger (saws). So the stronger this sense of haya becomes, the more it motivates one to make sure that Allah (swt) doesn’t see him/her doing anything prohibited. The way to develop this haya is that one must keep learning and absorbing more knowledge and applying it to their lives. ∞Another type of haya is more of a social aspect concerning others besides Allah (swt). Normally these things often come in regard with ones relationship with family. For instance, a child not wanting to do something displeasing to his mother, or a wife not wanting to do something displeasing to her husband or even a student who is careful about saying something incorrect in front of his teacher.. ∞Last but not least is the type of haya in which the believers become shy of themselves. This is when they have reached the peek of their Iman. What this means is that if they do, or say, or see, anything wrong or even commit the tiniest sin, they start to feel extremely bad and embarrassed or they feel extreme guilt in their heart. This builds a high degree of self-consciousness and that is what strengthens the believer’s commitment to Allah (swt) People will go out an get degrees in law schools, or science, or engineering and they will put four to six years of their lives studying for this stuff that will only benefit them in this world. In this society people including Muslims, choose their careers according to how much money they will make and what status they will have in this society as to being a lawyer or a doctor etc. They do not realize that in Islam the BEST stature of a Muslim is that of a â€Å"dai’i† or a teacher of Islam. Another proof of bad haya is that which is extremely popular amongst many sisters in this western society. One of the most important aspects of haya, for women, is that of guarding their chastity and their modesty. . They are shy of the opposite gender in this society because of what they might experience if strange men look at them and lastly they have haya because they are ashamed of going out in public and committing this grave sin of displaying their beauty is public. There are many women in this society who claim that they have haya but to follow the order of hijab is backwards and that women in this society shouldn’t have to cover is obviously disbelief. There are many verses in the Qur’an and many ahadith explaining the reasons behind observing Hijab. The Islamic Shariah has not stopped at giving the Commandments of Hijab, it has also clarified every such thing which directly relates to these commandments and, with the slightest carelessness, may result in vulgarity and immodesty. This is why modesty has been called the ornament of a woman, which protects her from many sins and which prevents ill-intentioned men from daring to have bad thoughts about her. This haya has been made a part of her nature to safeguard her from being abused by immoral men. Narrated Aisha (ra): â€Å"I used to enter my house where Allah’s Messenger (peace be upon him) was and take off my garment, saying that only my husband and my father were there; but when Umar was buried along with them, I swear by Allah that I did not enter it without having my clothes wrapped round me owing to modesty regarding Umar.† (at-Tirmidhi and Ahmed) In conclusion we must understand that Haya is important for both men and women. Men are to control themselves by getting married as young as possible or if they cannot afford that, they should fast. Women are told to conceal themselves so that the men will not be over taken by the whispers of Sheytan and will not disrespect or take advantage of the women. There are many verses in the Qur’an that have clearly explained how we have to behave and Allah is All-Knowing therefore He knew that we would face these problems living in this society, and that is no excuse to change Islam and only practice what we feel is right. Allah (swt) has told men how to guide their modesty and has told women how to guide their modesty. If either one of them refuse to follow the commandment of their Lord, may Allah have mercy on them and may He guide them to the straight path. â€Å"Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty: that will make for greater purity for them: and Allah is well acquainted with all that they do. And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† (Qur’an Nur, 30-31) ALL PRAISE BE TO ALLAH, AND MAY HIS PEACE AND BLESSINGS BE UPON MUHAMMAD (SAW), HIS FAMILY, HIS COMPANIONS AND HIS TRUE FOLLOWERS UNTIL THE DAY OF JUDGEMENT.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Engro Foods

Contents About engro foods3 value proposition3 olpers3 olwell milk (a low fat milk by olpers, engro foods)4 olfrute juice4 tarang4 omore5 segmentation5 what is segmentation†¦.. 5 basis for segmentation:5 segmentation for olper’s5 olper,s product range6 segmentation for olper’s:7 positioning for olper’s8 what is positioning†¦.. 8 positioning process:8 competitive advantage12 continuous improvement12 quality control12 pr with farmers13 third-generation plant13 engro’s promotion mix tools13 advertising13 sales promotions15 public relations16 personal selling17 direct marketing18 basic tactics used18 customer relationship management18 customer relationship management in engro foods18 customers touch points19 reducing the customer defection rate22 building loyalty22 references24 about engro food  Ã‚  Engro stands for â€Å"energy for growth†. From inception, ours is a legacy of continuous growth, new challenges and fulfilled promises. From fertilizers to dairy products, business solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our ambition is to become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach.Engro Foods Limited is subsidiary of Engro Chemical Pvt. Ltd. which is one of the most reputed enterprises in Pakistan with more than 40 years of diversified business operations in the areas of fertilizer and chemicals. Engro Chemicals, formerly known as Exxon, was taken oven by the employees and reamed Engro. Since then, it has diversified into many fields owning and operating subsidiaries like Engro Asahi, Eng ro Vopak, Engro Pak tank, Engro Chemicals and Engro Foods. Engro Foods started its business operations in March 2006 and it hasn’t looked back ever since its inception.Within a very short span of 2 years, it has become the house of four quality dairy milk brands: Olpers Milk, Tarang, Olwell, and Olpers cream. Engro Foods has already set up two processing plants at Sukkur and Sahiwal. VALUE PROPOSITION A  value proposition  is a promise of  value  to be delivered and a belief from the customer of  value  that will be experienced. A value proposition can apply to an entire organization, or parts thereof, or customer accounts, or products or services. Engro Foods Ltd. is delivering value to customers by offering following productsOLPERS [pic] OLWELL MILK (A LOW FAT MILK BY OLPERS, ENGRO FOODS) OLFRUTE JUICE [pic] TARANG [pic] OMORE [pic] SEGMENTATION WHAT IS SEGMENTATION†¦.. â€Å"The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly id entifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. † BASIS FOR SEGMENTATION: The following are the basis for segmentation: [pic] SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S It is difficult for any one company to engage in mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion for its product.The complexities arise from the proliferation of advertising and distribution channels and the high costs associated with reaching a mass audience. Therefore, companies segment the market so that they can target the group of customers who share similar needs and wants. The milk sector shows a market that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers have similar preferences. They want milk to be white, carefully processed, and good for health and bones. Keeping these things in mind Engro segmented its market.The marketers at Engro have had a number of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. Engro Olper’s products include: [pic] OLPER, S PRODUCT RANGE SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S: Geographic Segmentation: Engro Geographically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Region: Engro segmented its market for the â€Å"South East† region. †¢ Country: Engro segmented its market in â€Å"Pakistan† country. †¢ Province: Engro targeted its consumers all over the Pakistan but mostly in the â€Å"Punjab† province. Demographic Segmentation:Engro divided its market on the basis of demographically as: †¢ Age: Engro Olper’s products are for the all age of people like for children youngsters and olders. †¢ Gender: Engro did not segment its market on the gender basis. Every person can use it either male or female because there is no gender discrimination. †¢ Family: Olper’s products serve the family which has 3 to 5 members. †¢ Income: Brand calls for a small percentage of an individual’s income but lower class wouldn’t want to buy the brand may be because they are price sensitive. Psychographic Segmentation:Engro psycho-graphically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Social class: The brand is meant for all the users in higher upper or middle class families and it targets a specific social class who are health conscious and concerned about their weight. †¢ Life style: Olper’s have segmented the market more towards achievers who are goal-oriented and want to recognize themselves by others. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, have high aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. Personality: The Olper’s products have targeted experiencers because the company has given them a new set of brand and so many will make their first purchase because they want to try something new. Olper’s ads also target believers, traditional conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olper’s show the beliefs of healthy life with processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more. Behavioral Segmentation: Engro Behaviorally segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Benefits: Olper’s products have been segmented on the basis of benefits that consumers seek in the milk.In this case, people look for a brand that can be used for all purposes from drinking to tea whiteners as well to feed the animals. †¢ Loyalty: Engro segment its market on the basis of loyality status by finding some hard core loyal persons in the milk sector which are also price sensitive or want variety and on the basis of price they will be switch from other established brands like Haleeb, Nestle etc. POSITIONING FOR OLPER’S WHAT IS POSITIONING†¦.. â€Å"Positioning is defined as the act of designing the company's offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the target market's mind. POSITIONING PROCESS: The effective positioning process involves: [pic] Defining the competitive frame of reference: Compet itive frame of reference involves: †¢ Identifying the direct competitors of brand. †¢ Position of these competitors in market. †¢ Level of competition. Identifying the direct competitors: Before positioning a brand company must understand who the main competitors are? For example Engro main competitors: †¢ Haleeb †¢ Nestle Position of competitors: Company must analyze and understand the position of their competitors that either their position is strong or weak.For example the both competitors of Engro are strong and have a tremendous market place. Level of competition: Company also identifying the level of competition that at what level it competes with its competitors. The level of competition involves: †¢ At product type level †¢ At product category level †¢ At product class level For example, Engro competes at all levels as: †¢ As at the product type level Olper’s compete with the Nestle milk pack and Haleeb dairy queen. †¢ As at the product category level Olper’s categories like Olper’s Olwell competes with Nestle Nesvita and Haleeb Skimz. As at the product class level it compete with all dairy products as Engro dairy products are compete with all dairy products of Nestle and Haleeb. Establishing the points of difference: Companies establish the points of difference which are the attributes or benefit those consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent in the competitive brand. The point of differences for the Engro dairy products are: Olper’s milk: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s milk in Red color which is quite different from competitors Green and Blue color packaging. Engro used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olper’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s is based on tag line: â€Å"Subah Bakhair Zindagi†, but recently the company changed the USP to: â€Å"Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s†. Both the tag lines have a very positive impact on Olper’s image because of the emotions involved in both the lines. Olper’s cream: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s cream in Purple color which is different from competitors. Engro position Olper’s cream for a specific use or application. Because the Olper’s cream used to make the dishes in which cream is necessary like cakes, ice cream. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s cream is based on tagline â€Å"Life’s a Dessert† with the message of ad that â€Å"Creams of all Creams†. Olper’s Olwell: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s Olwell in Red color which distinguish it from competitors. †¢ Engro used the benefit positionin g for Olwell. The product is positioned as High calcium, low fat product. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Olwell is based on tag line â€Å"†¦.. o you’re unstoppable† and with the message â€Å"Stop ageging†. Olper’s Owsum: †¢ Packaging of Owsum designed in a highly detailed comic book style and each packaging has a different world with respect to each flavor describing different story in each one. †¢ Engro use the specific positioning as Owsum flavored milk is for the children from 9 to 12 years age. It is the first time a company target this age group children. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Owsum is based on tag line â€Å"Kill the Milk Monster† and the message of ad â€Å"Flavored milk socked out the simple milk†. Establish the points of parity:Companies establish the points of parity which are attributes or benefits which are not necessarily unique to the brand, and als o shared with other brands. The point of parity for the Engro dairy products are: †¢ Engro provides high quality to its customers, which same to its competitors Nestle and Haleeb because these companies also focus on high quality. †¢ Engro cover the whole country of Pakistan and its competitors also covers the all areas of Pakistan. †¢ Both the appearance and packaging of Engro products is very attractive. Its competitors packaging and appearance is also very attractive. Engro run its advertising on different channels like T. V, Radio, Newspapers and billboards. Nestle and Haleeb which are the competitors of Engro are also using the same channels. †¢ Engro used the 6 layered Tetra Pack packaging for its products. Nestle and Haleeb also using the same packaging technique. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage  means strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthe ns and positions a business better within the business environment.Engro foods Ltd. has many advantages over its competitors which are given below. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT The Engro foods continuously improve itself which is the major edge of Engro foods over its competitors. Feedback and its integration in the supply chain are essential to the continuous improvement of an organization that places so much importance on supply chain management. Engro Foods ensures feedback is obtained from all possible sources. As a result, contact is maintained with distributors regarding the consumers’ reaction or any complaints that they may have.In fact, any bad products or bad batches of products, if the consequence of any supply chain management glitches, are accepted back by the company and exchanged for new good stock free of cost. Feedback is also collected directly from the consumers via the company website, which allows consumers to lodge any complaints, put forward any queries, or j ust drop by their comments. The same information is also collected through the presence of the company address and phone number on all the packages, thus making the organization very accessible to the consumers. QUALITY CONTROLEngro Foods is committed to providing the best quality of products to the consumers at the lowest possible costs. In other words, it is a company that believes in the virtues of cost leadership and its prioritization for quality maintenance and control is reflected in stringent quality checks that are carried out both before and after the processing of the milk. Before Processing Quality control procedures are introduced right at the point of milk collection that is at the milk collection centers. Lab tests are conducted in order to check the milk for any adulteration and in fact the dhodhis are also educated to avoid adulteration of milk.An expert is stationed at these MCCs to ensure that the tests are conducted properly. Once the milk is approved and dispatc hed within 6 hours to either the Sahiwal or Sukkur plant, the next Quality check is carried out right at the time of milk reception at the plant where it is once again examined by qualified Chemists and Micro Biologists by conducting various tests. It is only after the milk clears certain tests that the Quality Control department accepts it and transfers it to the cooling plants. After Processing Quality control experts are involved throughout the production process.After the packaging process is complete, Quality control resurfaces this time not only to ensure that the packages are sterilized but also to ensure that the milk packages are of the prescribed weight. And after a final approval, the milk products are considered fit for delivery and transferred to the warehouse. The organization strives to achieve even better and better quality of the products which is why it collaborates with various research agencies to work on the development of the products. PR WITH FARMERS ENGRO has been interacting with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a good reputation over the years.It has led to a strong bond and long term relationship with the farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also won’t have to look elsewhere to sell their milk. THIRD-GENERATION PLANT EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in Pakistan that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene.Moreover, it is also setting up another milk processing plant in Central Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 billion (US $ 33 million). ENGRO’S PROMOTION MIX TOOLS ADVERTISING Engro Foods Ltd. is always quite smart in exploring various mediums and reaching out to the maximum in an effective way. For instance, spreading the art of happiness via decorating of Lahore with flowers in the launch phase,  putting colorful streamers, Omore’ bloopers on TV channels. Omore is active in doing advertising since its launch.They believe that strong and effective advertisement is essential for product success. They have used their punch line â€Å"The Art of Happiness† since the start to expose and create brand image in the mind of the customers. This will also induce a desire for buying a product as in the ads they have shown that if you want to be happy, eat Omore. The followings are the advertisement vehicles used by Engro for the promotion of its Omore and other milk products product. Print & Broadcasting Ads Omore has conveyed their message of happiness, joy, fun and pleasure through their TV and print ads.The creative are so colorful and vibrant to support their slogan of happiness with the catchy jingle attached to it. They have broadcasted their ads on all the major TV channels, FM radio and social media like Fac ebook, Twitter, and Orkut and for print they have gone in all major magazines and newspapers. Packaging Outer Engro used the colorful packaging with product picture and name along with nutrition indigents and contact information. The color also helped to enhance the in-store visibility and presence for its Olper’s packaged milk, and the brand was instantly disassociated from its competition.The brand also worked to ensure it established an image of being a healthy and natural product. Its optimistic and vibrant tag line—â€Å"Good Morning Life†Ã¢â‚¬â€along with the unique red color, became the soul of the Olper’s brand identity across various media outlets. Brochures & Booklets Brochures and booklets were distributed outside the big famous marts at the time of launching. Posters & Leaflets Product promotion posters were placed outside the stores like ice pops, choc stick etc. At the time of launching leaflets were showered from aircrafts in different are as of cities.Billboards To promote the Omore brand, Engro placed it on billboards at all the major intersection in different cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Islamabad and Peshawar. It is the visual representation of the product by showing the customer a slice from their own lives, something to which they can refer when they are going to buy a product. Billboard is an expensive media but can reach a wide range of customer and is high in creating awareness. Point Of Purchase Displays Engro placed Omore carts outside all the major malls/marts and grocery stores at the time of launching it.Audiovisual Material Jingle and music used by Engro for its products are so strong through which people easily recognize its products. The simple and classy tune of OLPER’s and the tag line called out loud i. e. â€Å"SUBHA BAKHAIR ZINDAGI† was easily identifiable by 90% of the targeted audience. It means that the uniqueness of the sound remains in the mind of the consumers. Symbols & Logos To promote the Omore, Engro used the symbols related to happiness, joy and fun. Their logo is oval in shape with pink inside and white outside. SALES PROMOTIONSSales promotion is a variety of short term incentive to encourage trial or purchase of product. When used effectively, sales promotions can help to move old stock, counteract competitor activity, merchandise new products, encourage repeat buying and motivate your staff. They can also be monitored, so the success of a particular sales promotion can be measured over time. It is a good way of attracting new customers. The type of promotion selected also has to be relevant to the target customers as well as the company’s own marketing objectives.Contest, Games & Sweepstakes Omore has conducted contest and sweepstakes to attract customers and make them start liking the product. They have done it before launching it in Punjab and now in Karachi, they have conducted morning shows on Hum TV. Omore has launched an inte ractive application on its Facebook fun page which allows the users to participate in a weekly drawing contest. Sampling Sampling was done by Omore at the time of launch in all the major cities to increase the customer awareness and also create the liking of the product. EntertainmentJingle and music is so important and strong that people recognize Omore with it. Trade In Allowance Omore gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers. PUBLIC RELATIONS Public relations (or PR) involve a sustained attempt to develop the reputation as a business by using the media to help create the image the company desire. It is a way of keeping the business in your customer’s eyes. News or press releases can be distributed to the media to announce, for example, new product launches, a change in opening times or company successes.Articles can be distributed to trade journals or local newspapers, and sponsorship or charitable donations can help to position a company business mor e prominently in the market place than competitors. Attendance at exhibitions and seminars can also help to promote the image of the company to a chosen target audience Charitable Donations An Engro food has also proved itself to be a socially responsible company in many ways. For example when our nation faced a major catastrophic in the form of the floods which shook the foundation of our country.Engro foods stood firm in its commitment to the social causes and provided the financial help, food and shelter through the help of various relief organizations. Sponsorship Omore have sponsored several TV programs, morning shows and cricket matches. Publications Omore has done publication which reflects its vision and objectives in the short and long run. They have provided information on how the Omore ice cream goes about its operations and how Omore ice cream nutritious because it uses pure dairy products as compared to the competitors.PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is face to face i nteraction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and purchase orders. This is the most effective form of promotion because it allows your approach to be tailored to the needs of an individual customer. Getting a sale is ultimately extremely important, but the process involves a lot more than this. It is about having a constructive dialogue with customers to listen to their needs, promote product & company enefits on an individual basis, answer any questions, resolve any problems and get their feedback before clinching a sale. Face-to-face, a sales person can build a relationship with the customer- understanding their needs and feeding back this knowledge to the business to improve products, customer service standards, competitor knowledge etc. Employing a sales person is a costly exercise in the first instance, but it is one that will provide a pay back, usually within 1-2 years. Sales Presentation Omore is selling their products via charts. Incentive ProgramsOmore has given refrigerators to its retailers for their ice cream products. It also gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers as an incentive. Incentives also include branding of store on achievements of target sales. Fair & Trade Shows Omore has conducted a beach festival to gain the attention of customer and make them aware of the product in Karachi. They also conducted Basant festival in Punjab. DIRECT MARKETING Direct marketing consists of mail, telephone, fax, email or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects.Direct marketing is not used by Omore because the product is already easily available. Another reason of not using this tool is that mostly people in Pakistan are unaware of purchasing products through these channels. BASIC TACTICS USED Engro foods in most of advertisements used association as basic tactic and associate their product with particu lar atmosphere and circumstances in the Olpers advertisement they relate the product with the environment of home where they show that everybody in the home require pure milk which is Olpers.In the omore advertisement they show that when the person uses omore he moves into an imaginary environment which is very excited for him so they associate their product with that environment. In olfrute advertisement they show an excited family in which everyone wants balance in diet so they need juice and associate their product with a situation when there is need of balance in diet then olfrute should be used with the normal diet. So here also association is used as basic tactic. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCustomer relationship management is the process of carefully managing detailed information about individual customers and all customer touch points to maximize customer loyalty. â€Å"Consumer is the reason for our existence as a business. † CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN E NGRO FOODS According to engro foods view, CRM consists of: †¢ Helping olpers to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assisting olpers to improve account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining existing processes. †¢ Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of improving customer satisfaction and maximizing profits; identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. †¢ Providing olpers employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners.CUSTOMERS TOUCH POINTS Customer touch point is any occasion on which customers encounters the brand and product. Following are the customers touch points which Olper’s uses for catering to the relationship of its customers: Marketing Value Addition †¢ Float Activity †¢ Banners †¢ Road Show†¢ T. V Commercials †¢ Rural Melas †¢ Buntings †¢ Buchat Bazars †¢ Posters †¢ Institutional promotions †¢ New Articles †¢ Free Samplings †¢ Vehicle Branding †¢ Chain store Promotions †¢ Gala Event Management †¢ Carnivals †¢ Music Concerts †¢ Funfair Marketing Float ActivityOne way that Engro foods and Olpers have chosen to interact with their customer is Float Activity. Olpers have been launching promotional activities all the time and according to them this float activity proved to be very effective to keep in touch with their customers. Road Shows In the summer of 2009 when Engro foods launched their new product line of Dairy Ice Cream Omore initially in Lahore the whole city was decorated with different road side banners and place cards. This is a traditional Engro food way to keep in touch with their customer and also to promote their new product.According to Olpers Road shows are a very easy yet effective way to keep in touch with customers. Rural Melas Since Pakistan is a country with most of its population still living in rural areas, Olpers decided to reach those potential consumers with a different approach and they arranged different rural side Melas in which they can easily state their point and make the potential customers a loyal customer Bachat Bazars Bachat Bazars are very common in Pakistan and since this is a trend in the market Engro foods used this way to reach to its existing customers and also targeted new customers in this 1-2-1 marketing way.Free Sampling To promote and let the people who have not yet tested the product companies use the technique called free sampling. And Engro foods have done free sampling to make sure that people are aware of the product and also to get the feed back out of the customers to make sure if there are any lags in the product. Chain Store Promotions Another 1-2-1 way of marketing technique that Engro foods have adopted to create effective touch point with their customer is by putting their brand in all the chain store in Pakistan in this way people can have access easily to the product and they do not have to look for the product.Event Management Carnivals Engro foods have worked their way in the customer’s heart by knowing them in every way. They try to promote their products and make sure that their product is available in carnivals and all special events that are taking place Music Concert Omore Ice cream launch was unique in its kind as they had music concert with leading Bands of Pakistan performing in these concerts. Since they feel like sponsoring such events creates a good way to interact with their customers Fun FairOne way to have direct contact with the customer is to promote different fun fair all over the coun try. This way existing customer and new customer both are easily targeted. Value Addition Banners An effective way to add customer value towards the product is to display banners and bill boards all over the city so that customer are aware of their brand and make them feel proud about their brand. T. V Commercials T. V commercials are very effective and excellent way to promote the product and also to increase the value of customers.It’s easy way to reach the customers mind and create a positive image towards a brand. Posters Posters are cheap and easy to display way to reach into customers mind and create a positive view of the brand and also to increase the value a customer holds towards the product and Engro food have worked hard to gain this position REDUCING THE CUSTOMER DEFECTION RATE It is not enough, however, to attract new customers the company must keep them and Increase their businesses. To reduce the customer defection rate OLPERS position the brand in a way that the customer prefer only Olpers products.Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. As can e seen, nestle milk pack, and Haleeb have the largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have to decide to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers mind. They have done a number of following steps: 1. Packaging of Olper’s milk and Olwell in red color and Olpers cream in purple color are quite different and distinctive from the typical green and blue packing used by other competitors. . The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, â€Å"jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s† BUILDING LOYALTY Creating a long tight connection to customers is the dream of any marketer & key to long term ma rketing success. Olpers build loyality of customers towards its products in the following way: 1. As compared to Milk pack and Haleeb Olpers have advantage over its touch points which create a strong loyalty of customers towards Olpers. 2.One way that Olpers have adopted to gather the feedback and build strong relation with their customers is that they have asked their customers to contact and give suggestions that are listened. 3. Olpers works in the heart of its customers by knowing what is special for them. Like in Ramadan Olpers introduce and promote the traditional Ramadan theme so that the 4. Customers who value their religious heritage they are more attracted and so that in long term they are much more loyal customers towards the brand. 5. The marketers have used different positioning for Olper’s products: a.They have used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpe r’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. b. They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones. c. Olper’s cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can be used to make cake icings and desserts look great. Measuring customer-based brand equityHR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this to understand customers’ feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped improve the image for Olper’s. They assessed the leverage of secondary associations in this case by comparing the company’s characteristic with the characteristics of Olperâ €™s. Managing customer-based brand equityThe organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they realize the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olper’s is concentrating on the emotional aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olper’s has also funded Women’s exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand equity. REFERENCES http://www. oracle. com/us/corporate/customers/engro-foods-crm-on-deman-078691. pdf †¢ http://engro. com/ †¢ http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://engro. com/fact-sheet-engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://www. theideaartist. com/index. php/tag/engro/ †¢ http://www. managementparadise. com/for ums/marketing-management/209200-marketing-mix-engro-corporation. html †¢ http://guppu. com/2009/04/11/engro-foods-launches-omore-marketing-review/ †¢ http://www. pakvisit. com/jobs/jobs%20in%20engro%20foods%20Pakistan. html †¢ http://engro. com/wp-content/themes/engro-v1. /pdf/quarterlyreport2011/engro-food-sep-2011. pdf †¢ http://pakmediablog. net/220/omore-files/ †¢ http://pressrelease. pk/fmcg/engro-foods-launches-tarang-bhara-des-campaign/ ———————– Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioral †¢ Nations †¢ States †¢ Countries †¢ Province †¢ Age †¢ Family †¢ Gender †¢ Income †¢ Social class †¢ Life style †¢ Personality †¢ Values †¢ Benefits †¢ Loyalty †¢ User status †¢ User rate Olper’s Olper’s Milk Olper’s Cream Olper’s Olwell Olper’s Olfrute Olper’s Owsum 1. Defining the comp etitive frame of reference 2. Establish the points of difference 3. Establish the points of parity

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Returning to School

Returning to school after being out of school for 25 years can be a challenge in many ways. At times, it looks daunting and almost impossible. However, decisions like this are not made overnight. Neither are steps like this taken without some kind of preparation. Over time, there has been much physical, emotional and academic preparation. Physical preparation for this course was probably the easiest part of preparation.First of all, there has been research into to which college Is the best fit for the goals hat are desired to be obtained. In addition, several colleagues at work have returned to work and have told of the time that will be needed to obtain this goal. They have been an invaluable resource in telling how to physically Juggle working full time plus going to school. That has been the greatest preparation for the physical demands: Watching my colleagues. Other physical demands, such as computer needs, Internet connections, etc. Walden has been very good at being forth comin g about what is needed for those things. It is helpful to know how to structure life. Colleagues at work are helpful in knowing the best way to obtain books, sources to look for information, and other physical demands that will arise in this academic journey. To become emotionally prepared has been much more challenging. I had hoped that I would never have to return to school. I have obtained specialized trainings, certifications, and other skills with the hopes of not returning to school because It seemed like such a daunting task.However, for the past two to three years. I have started to see that the landscape of nursing is changing. I have realized that to continue to grow professionally and personally I am going to need my bachelor's degree. This realization of professional need has helped prepare me emotionally. I have spent the past two years looking into what is required to go back to school. I have also spent time observing how others who are my peers and who are also In sc hool observing are managing the process. I figured, â€Å"If they can do It, then so can l. It Is also a challenge to prepare academically. Tidying Is not a difficult task. For me, the hardest struggle has been to write a paper. In today's learning environment, the process is entirely online and majority of the process is about writing. My weakest subject has always been English. I have never used PAP format. Therefore, this thought Is single greatest component that has kept me from returning to school. It Is a great relief to spend time learning about the writing center and the resources they have to offer.I have spent time listening to the webzines and plan to access efferent parts of the writing centers help during my time at Walden. Other colleagues have told me of resources they have used to help them in this area. One day, at the pharmacy, even my pharmacist and her assistant offered to proof-read my papers for me! So, I feel like I have more support in these areas than I had at one time. Returning to school is a life altering decision. It takes lots of adjustment and much preparation. I am hoping that the preparation I have made In all ways- Alden university.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Immigration and Asylum Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Immigration and Asylum Law - Essay Example In the House of Lords decision in Islam (A.P.) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department and Regina v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Another Ex Parte Shah (A.P.) [1999] 2 W.L.R. 1015 (Conjoined Appeals), Lord Steyn set out a four point criteria that one claiming refugee or asylum status must meet. He opined that under Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention, an asylum seeker must be able to prove that, firstly he/she has a well founded fear of persecution; secondly, that the reason for persecution is as a result of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion; thirdly, that he/she is not within the country of his/her nationality; and fourthly, that he/she is either unable or unwilling to lay claim to protection from his/her country of nationality due to the fear of persecution. Consequently, having a well founded fea... Another decided case that buttresses the argument set out in Lord Steyn opinion is Januzi v. Secretary of State for the Home Department and Others [2006] UKHL 5. In Januzi Lord Bingham held that the use of the provision "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted " in Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention constitutes a causative condition upon which all the other conditions for claiming a refugee status hinge on. Thus a person claiming refugee status can claim to be persecuted because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, but if this fear is not a well-founded one, the claim to refugee status would be denied. In the Islam and Regina cases (cited above) for instance, two Pakistani women - Islam and Shah - had left their native country of Pakistan to the UK and were seeking asylum due to fear of persecution because of being part of a particular social group. Both of them had been physically abused by their husbands and had been accused of infidelity, a crime that carried the penalty of being flogged publicly or being stoned to death under Shariah Law. The two women had also received threats from neighbours after they fled from their husbands' homes and sort refuge with family members. In establishing whether the Islam and Shah had a claim to asylum due to a well founded fear of persecution, Lord Steyn quoted from an Amnesty International Report on the human rights abuses of women in Pakistan. The report stated inter alia that: ". . . several Pakistani laws explicitly discriminate against women. In some cases they allow only the evidence of men to be heard, not of women. In particular, the Evidence

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Health Services Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health Services - Term Paper Example The two direct communication and indirect communication are touched-on under medical development technology, major trends under the population demographic and the significance of mortality during ancient age is discussed. Social structure is an interconnection where the key relationship in it is an organization which is brought together as one. It is made up of an individual or a group that communicate and interact with a good understand among each other. When a community or group in a society does not interact with another group appropriately, fight or violence often erupts up. When violence emerges, the entire environment become unconducive to human hence affects health. The violence eventually leads to the collapse of the economy of a nation or society, when there is a dispute in a community or society, everything not only becomes scares but also costly, these affects the economy of a region thus the persistence of lead to health deterioration. There are three stages of medical te chnology development named; two separate direct communication stages and indirect communication stage. ... r scanning fractured bones of a patient, Lastly indirect communication is one where the patient is subjected to technology and the responsible specialist is concentrated to only the data collected from the patient the they interpret the data without being involve directly to the patients, example of these specialists are clinicians. Because better educated people stumble on it easier to attain and calculate such information (Nayga 2000, de Walque 2007). The U.S population demography have been fully balanced not according to the past events, U.S alone has many races than any other part of the world, this has been conspicuous enough to the whole world, Jacob needle man surveyed that white non-Hispanic as a race were extremely dominant in terms of population, followed by the pure Hispanic, the Black, Asian then lastly the other races. U.S.A population is moving up and data from the Census bureau indicates that U.S.A population is sky-rocketing aged an even more ethically various. Just b ecause of downturn in the recent economy, percentage of persons living in poverty also had to escalate in the past years. Current Structure The demography trends made is made up of two companies; Medicaid and medic are there to be main priorities. In a span of 15 years alone, there population shoots up from 151 million to 296 million, resulting to an annual growth of 1.2 percent. Females’ outnumbered man by a good difference of 4.4 million and since the female population is speculated to continue surpassing male population. These trends of population did not only take place in the U.S, but everywhere else around the world. The ratio of 1:10 for male to female, the trend led to situation where American for instance had to be born in a foreign country where non- English way of life worked

Should the government provide health care Essay

Should the government provide health care - Essay Example However, there is no sufficient evidence supporting the failures of government healthcare. Moreover, many developed countries such as Canada and Britain have successfully initiated a national healthcare plan. Therefore, governments should provide healthcare to the citizens. There are several arguments in support of government healthcare. Firstly, the initiation of government healthcare will ensure that everyone has access to healthcare. Many people do not have access to healthcare because many employers are not providing healthcare insurance due to increased premiums. Therefore, employees are carrying the burden of healthcare and many opt not to apply for health insurance. Accessing healthcare in hospitals is expensive for many citizens and this leads to deterioration of their health. The government’s provision of healthcare will ensure every citizen is able to access medical attention regardless of their financial status. Privatized healthcare is costly and not everyone can afford to pay for check-ups, health insurance premiums, and prescriptions. The healthcare provided by the government will be free for all citizens (Kaplan and Rodgers, 2009). Government healthcare would also improve the quality of healthcare as the health professionals’ time will not be wasted in processing insurance claims. Competition of insurance companies would be eradicated as the government would be in charge of healthcare administration. A lot of time is wasted in handling many insurance claims. A lot of insurance paperwork needs to be filled and claims need to be submitted. Therefore, the initiation of a government healthcare plan would ensure that healthcare professionals would only focus on treating their patients (Patel and Rushefsky, 2006). In addition, provision of healthcare by the government can help in regulating insurance companies. In privatized healthcare, insurance companies make a lot of money by raising premiums unfairly. Moreover, insurance

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Housing and regeneration in developing countries (housing study) Essay

Housing and regeneration in developing countries (housing study) - Essay Example Housing is a main concern especially to human beings. Regeneration is the process by which the housing conditions are improved through economical, social and environmental measures. According to Ademiluyi (2010), houses are permanent structures that are built in order to cater for human needs especially habitation. House regeneration leads to the achievement of sustainable development. The reason as to why housing regeneration is done is to improve the concerned area which is to be regenerated, and thus bring in a positive impact to the people who live in the place. Regeneration has positive as well as negative impacts to the areas that are being regenerated and the people who live in the areas as well. The developmental interventions on housing require the participation of partners who are the actors involved in the development of these houses. Therefore, there is need for housing development in these areas due to increased population of people who are moving. There is therefore need for involving people who can participate in the development of these houses. The participants in the process of development are controlled by the initiatives that affect the decisions made to ensure that development is enhanced. The participants involve themselves in the local, national and international decision making which makes it possible for the housing development. The participants involved in the housing development first have to receive information about what is to be done and also what has already been done. This means that the research has to be done in order to get information about the approaches needed to be taken into account in order to find out how the housing can be developed. Once the participants have been informed, they are consulted in order to give opinions that are needed to help in the development, and this will also i nclude the aspects of defining the

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE TO GEORG WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Essay

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE TO GEORG WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY - Essay Example As a foreign student from Saudi Arabia, the university therefore, represents all my ideals where I would be able to realize my dreams. In the highly competitive environment of advancing technology and rapid globalization, the need for understanding of cross cultural values has become vital ingredient of success. The University excels in meeting the challenges of the emerging new dynamics of social structures and business equations through innovative course curricula. It encourages constructive ideologies and proactive participation of the students coming from different race, culture and nationality. Its sensitive approach towards issues like environment, racial discrimination, climate change etc. are features that strongly indicate university’s mission of equipping students with an all round development of learning. I am a highly self driven person who is also ambitious and aspires to reach the highest level of professional excellence, both in terms of gaining knowledge and at the same time, gaining appropriate status. My professional mission is to serve as Ambassador of my country to United States. My short term and medium term goals and objectives are to achieve high grades in business studies. I want to establish myself as a creative and skilled business professional. I would also like to gain an enviable reputation for making good business decisions on informed choices.

Monday, September 23, 2019

Case Study #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study #2 - Essay Example Health wise, in their old age, this group of people is susceptible to a variety of ailments that can negatively impact on their welfare. It can be noted that the major problem associated with large quantities of iron in bodies of older people is that it increases the risk of developing chronic diseases that are often life threatening. Conceptually, excess iron in the body has negative impacts in that it can cause chronic diseases among the elderly as stated above. However, it has to be noted that iron plays a very important role in the human body. According to Harmes (N.D.), â€Å"Iron is a mineral used by the body in the production of red blood cells. Specifically, iron is used in the production of haemoglobin which is the main protein in red blood cells and this substance carries oxygen throughout the body.† From this assertion, it can also be seen that without iron, the body will not be able to function properly given that the other parts will have inadequate oxygen. It can be argued that there are many factors, such as gender, health status, iron status, and intake of other dietary factors such as fibre that affect the way the body absorbs iron. In this case study population of the elderly American people, about one-fifth of the total daily iron intake is derived from iron-fortified cereals. However, f urther study is needed to determine which foods, including iron-fortified foods contribute to increased iron levels. Basically, there is need for a fine balance in the levels of iron in the body so as to avoid both risks associated with its inadequacy or its excessive quantities in the body. Given that the elderly are at risk of high iron stores in their bodies, it is recommendable for these elderly persons to consult a physician about their nutritional requirements before they embark on an iron supplementation programme. Consulting a physician first

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Strategic Operations Issues Essay Example for Free

Strategic Operations Issues Essay Using your own organisation or a local organisation that you know well, identify a strategic operations issue or problem that needs to be addressed. Describe the organisation briefly and briefly explain the specific operational issue, problem or process that needs to be addressed and provide clear details of its functions within the organisation; analyse the problem using a concept covered in the subject; consider the performance objectives of operations management; changes to performance objectives or outcomes; improvements; theory and recommendations for improving the system or operation. Executive summary Manufacturing plant operation issues of XYZ Plastics Pty Ltd This paper studies the operations issues of XYZ Plastics Pty Ltd’s manufacturing plant. In the last three months, the plant experienced a decline in % OEE (% Overall Equipment Effectiveness) from 90 per cent to 81 per cent, the raw materials inventory increased 10 per cent from 900 tons to 990 tons and increased the outsource warehouse cost from $100 000 per month to $150 000 per month. The overtime cost was also increased by 50 per cent from $20 000 per month to $30 000 per month. The analysis of the manufacturing process and workflow revealed that the root causes were: a) Inadequate communication linkage between the Planner and Maintenance supervisor which resulted in lack of critical spare parts to service major equipment breakdown. b) The batch size of white product was too small which contributed to speed loss and quality loss c) The Planner’s order quantity of raw materials was too big and caused average inventory to increase and inventory overflow to outsource warehouse. d) The double handling of raw materials by the warehouse staff which contributed to the wastage of overtime resources. The study recommended the company: a) Use a Kanban system to signal â€Å"pull† to the Planner to order spare parts for maintenance department. b) To set up an operating policy to limit the minimum production batch size to ËÆ'24 tons for white product. c) To maintain a discipline of using the Economic Order Quality (EOQ) for replenishment  order of the raw materials and reorder according to the inventory profile based on safety stock, delivery time and consumption rate. d) To provide training to the operating staff regarding the Wastes of Lean Manufacturing as a way to promote the learning culture. Table of Contents Table of Figures 1 Introduction XYZ Plastics Pty Ltd manufactures and sells black and white plastic materials for toy molding application. Its manufacturing process involves grinding the polyethylene plastics into a molten form and mixing with black pigment or white pigment. It produces a black product and a white product. The products are sold in 25 kg bags. The plant operates 24 hours by seven days a week but only four weeks in a month. It produces a product mix of 96 per cent black and four per cent white. The General Manager reviewed the monthly operations report recently and found that in the last three months, the operations performance was on a downward trend: a) Its Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) dropped down from 90 per cent to 81 per cent. Pophaley (2010) states that there would have been issues associated with the Availability rate, Performance rate or Quality rate. b) Raw material average inventory was increased by 10 per cent and the outsourced warehouse costs increased by 15 per cent. c) There was 50 per cent more overtime paid to fulltime workers. The sales volume remained unchanged at around 672 000 kg per month in the last three months. This was alarming because it suggested that the profile and productivity would have dropped. The General Manager called a meeting with its operations team to review the performance data and operations issues. They traced the problem back to the manufacturing processes and workflow to determine the root causes and take corrective actions. Discussion and analysis The manufacturing process involves loading the plastic pellets and pigments into the hopper, the grinder and mixer converts the mechanical energy into heat then melts and mixes the raw materials. The mixed molten paste is extruded out through a pressing die with 400 holes to form spaghetti like strips. The strips are cooled by water and cut into pellets by the rotary cutter, the slurry is then spun in a water separator to remove the water and dry the plastic pellets (see Figure 1 below). The products are then packed into 25 kg bags and stacked onto a pallet as a 1000 kg lot. Figure Manufacturing process schematic diagram 2.1 OEE performance trend analysis The operations team reviewed the % OEE trend of the last three months and looked at the date of three components that made up the % OEE, namely Availability rate, Performance rate and Quality rate mentioned by (Pophaley 2010). They found that all three components were on the decreasing trend which contributed to the % OEE decrease from 90 per cent to 81 per cent. The operations team found that the Availability rate dropped from 95 per cent to 93 per cent which indicated that there was increase of equipment breakdowns. They looked at the maintenance log book and found that there was an increase of pressing die cleaning frequency. During the pressing die cleaning, the process is shut down and the maintenance staffs needs to spend 16 hours to drill holes to clean the dirt out. This maintenance job is usually outsourced and they have a spare pressing die but this was not returned to the plant on time from the cleaning services supplier because there was a miscommunication between the Pla nner and the Maintenance Supervisor. The workflow is described in (Figure 2 below). Figure Process mapping of workflow The maintenance supervisor left an email message to the Planner, to order the die cleaning service which the Planner overlooked. There was a delay in sending the spare pressing die out to the supplier for cleaning. If they had  the spare pressing die ready, they would have saved the downtime of 16 hours for cleaning the die. It appears that a Kanban pull system would have provided better systematic demand information as stated by (Claudio Krishnamurthy 2009) for parts replenishment. The operations team found that the performance rate dropped from 97 per cent to 92 per cent of their maximum capable production rate of 1030 kg per hour, based on the current deteriorated production rate of 947.6 kg per hour (0.92 Ãâ€" 1030) the plant will be behind the monthly production target. The operations team reviewed the production log book and found that the production speed loss was due to increased production runs of white products. For every white production run, the operating staffs needs to clean the whole production line thoroughly because the black pellets in the previous run will contaminate the white products. The cleaning process required two hours per run. The plant also needs to spend two hours to change the rotary cutter as well. The plant normally runs one white product per month (26 880 kg) but in recent months the sales team requested four smaller white product runs per month (6720 kg Ãâ€" 4). The rationale was there were four smaller customers willing to pay higher price for the white products but they required delivery at short notice without providing forecast to the Planner. The smaller run size of white product contributes negatively to the per cent performance rate, the cleaning time of two hours per run and cutter changing time of two hours per run contributes a total of four hours of speed loss per run which could have been utilised to make more products. The Planner and sales team did not communicate with each other on this change and assess the economy of scale for the production run. The operations team re-assessed the change with the capacity size decision process, as (Rabta Reiner 2012) suggested that optimal values of production batch size will reduce cost and lead time. The operations team took considerations on algorithms of the extra cost required for the cleaning, changing cutter and speed loss for different batch sizes, and generated a graph (see Figure 3 below) to assist the decision on the size of the production run. Figure Capacity size decision graph The Figure 3 graph showed that the smaller run (6720 kg per run) costs more to make per ton and even selling at increased price, it was making a profile margin of only $100 per ton. In comparison, the larger run size (26 880 kg per run) costs less to make but even selling at normal price, it was still making $400 per ton. The graph showed that the most economical run of the white product is ËÆ'24 tons. The operations team also found that the quality rate dropped from 98 per cent to 95 per cent. They checked the quality records and determined that this was due to the rework materials generated from the increased white runs. The manufacturing team used raw materials to purge clean the process system to avoid contamination. The purged materials were used later on the black runs as rework. The time they spent on the rework could have been utilised to make good product. The above analysis determined the root causes which caused the % OEE drop from 90 per cent to 81 per cent and it is illustrated below: % OEE = Availability rate % Ãâ€" Performance rate % Ãâ€" Quality rate % Historical % OEE = 95% Ãâ€" 97% Ãâ€" 98% = 90% Current % OEE = 93% Ãâ€" 92% Ãâ€" 95% = 81%. 2.2 Raw materials inventory analysis The operations team reviewed the inventory performance on the monthly operations report; it showed that the raw material average inventory volume increased by 10 per cent from 900 tons to 990 tons in the last three months. Due to the increase in average inventory, the plant ran out of storage space and therefore it required the inventory to be stored at an outsourced warehouse location. The plant storage space was enough to store 1000 tons of raw materials but from time to time the space is filled and overflows the inventory to the outsource warehouse especially in the last three months. As a result, it increased the storage costs by 15 per cent from $100 000 to $115 000 per month including logistics and labour costs for the material handling. The operations team interviewed the Planner regarding the order quality and order frequency. The investigation revealed that the Planner was not  ordering based on inventory management principles. The ordering process takes about one week, from placing the order to receiving the goods. The plant normally keeps a safety stock of 672 tons of raw materials (roughly enough for one month consumption). This was based on their experience that the raw materials comes from other state and shipment delays could be up to four weeks; this safety stock is to maintain the service levels of the company. The raw material comes in normal order quantity of 2.5 weeks consumption, about 420 tons (672 Ãâ€" 2.5/4 = 420 tons). The Planner starts to place order when the inventory gets close to 672 tons (the safety stock mark). When there is a supplier promotion, the Planner would order a bigger quantity than 420 tons, thinking that would save the company money. There were a number of supplier promotions in the last three months and the Planner placed a bigger order quantity of 470 tons for each promotion which resulted in an increase in average inventory level from 900 tons to 990 tons. The operations team constructed a graph to determine if the Planner was making the correct order quantity decision. They used the total inventory cost based on two inventory cost components mentioned by (Schreibfeder 2009), namely holding cost and materials order cost. Figure Economic order quality(EOQ) The EOQ graph in Figure 4 indicated that the order quantity of 470 tons which the Planner placed on the supplier’s promotion was not economical. Rather than saving the company money, the total cost was higher than that of the EOQ of 336 tons. Even the normal order quantity of 420 tons was not as economical as the EOQ of 336 tons. The inventory profile with the new EOQ of 336 tons is shown in (Figure 5 below). It was constructed according to the method shown by (Silver Zufferey 2011) with the probabilistic replenishment lead time and slope (consumption rate). If The EOQ of 336 tons was adopted and orders were placed when the inventory touches 840 tons, it would have kept an average inventory of 840 tons and maximum of about 1000 tons on site. The inventory profile showed that average inventory (840 tons) would be lower than the current average inventory (990 tons) and most importantly it would eliminate the need for outsource warehouse. Figure Raw material inventory profile 2.3 Labour cost analysis The operations team reviewed the profit and loss statement and found out that there were 50 per cent more overtime paid to fulltime workers. It increased from $20 000 to $30 000 per month in the last three months. The amount of overtime was mainly paid to the warehouse staff. The operations team interviewed the warehouse supervisor and found that when the raw materials warehouse is full, they would move the materials to the finished goods warehouse for temporary storage, and shift it back when there are more spaces. One round trip to transport one ton of materials on a fork lift would require two minutes. These are considered double handling of materials as stated by (Liker Franz 2011). This is one of the Wastes in Lean manufacturing namely (transportation) that should be avoided (Slack, Brandon-Jones, Johnston, R Betts, A 2012). Conclusion The drop in Availability rate was due to the longer breakdown time required to clean the pressing die as there was no spare pressing die available. It appears that both the Planner and Maintenance supervisor required an improved communication system for the spare parts ordering. The capacity size decision graph in Figure 3 showed that the most economical run of the white products is 24 tons. Any smaller run size would result in speed loss and contribute negatively to the performance rate. The quality records showed that the drop in quality rate was due to the rework materials generated from the increased white runs per month. These root causes need to be addressed in order to improve the % OEE from the current level of 81 per cent back to 90 per cent. The EOQ graph in Figure 4 indicated that the order quantity of 470 tons which the Planner placed on the supplier’s promotion was not economical; even the normal order quantity of 420 tons was not economical. The associated total costs were both higher than that of the EOQ of 336 tons; it increased the average raw materials inventory level on site and causes inventory overflow to the outsource warehouse. There were double handling of materials by the  warehouse staff and this is a â€Å"transportation waste† which needs to be avoided according to the lean manufacturing principals described by (Liker Franz 2011). 4 Recommendations The maintenance supervisor should use a Kanban system to signal a â€Å"pull† to the Planner to order outsource services to clean the pressing die. Kanban is a visual signal system advocated by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota and mentioned by (Liker Franz 2011). The Maintenance supervisor can use a red box to signal that the pressing die is ready to be picked up and send outside for cleaning. When the cleaned pressing die returns, it can be placed in a green box indicating it is ready to be used, similar to the dual card system described by (Chen Subramaniamac 2012). The plant needs to set up an operating policy which states that the minimum size is to be 24 tons for white product. The Planner needs to maintain a discipline of using the EOQ of 336 tons for replenishment order of the raw materials and placing the purchasing order when the raw materials inventory touches 840 tons (a re-order point about one week before it reaches the safety stock of 672 tons). The inventory profile should be reviewed every three months to update the consumption rate to determine the new re-order point. The plant needs to provide training to operating staff regarding the Wastes of Manufacturing especially the warehouse staff as a way to promote the learning culture as advocated in Toyota and stated by (Liker Franz 2011). The operations performance such as OEE should be shared with all staff and initiate counter measures to poor performances. This will connect the staff to the continuous improvement cycle to achieve operational excellence.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Textile dyeing and textile wastewater treatment

Textile dyeing and textile wastewater treatment Advances In Textile Dyeing And Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Advanced Oxidation And Membrane Filtration Technologies: A Review Introduction The textile industry is a diverse sector in terms of production of raw materials, operating processes, product development, and equipment. The industry is well-characterized for consuming large amounts of water, energy, and discharging high volumes of waste in to public sewage treatment plants (STP). The main sources of pollution in the textile sector are derived from operating processes such as dyeing and finishing mills. These processes use considerable levels of water (ex. 70-150L for 1kg of cotton), chemicals (salts, alkali, wetting agents, etc.), and dyestuffs (e.g. reactive dyes) to achieve the desired properties of the textile product of which contribute to the pollution load in the industry. Major pollutants of environmental concern in textile wastewater include toxic organic compounds, color, suspended solids, and biochemical/chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/COD). The disposal of textile effluent in the municipal STP is an environmental concern because these industrial pollutant s may pass through unchanged and enter the receiving rivers or streams potentially harming the welfare of aquatic life. The adverse effect of these pollutants on the aquatic environment include depletion levels in dissolved oxygen, reduction in photosynthetic activity, and increase susceptibility for organisms to acids and bases. Effluent treatment technologies proposed in literature include activated sludge, coagulation, ozone, electrochemical oxidation and membrane filtration technologies . Conventional treatment methods such as coagulation and activated sludge have been used to manage textile wastewater to governmental standards for discharging in sewage treatment plants however these processes are ineffective for removing color from wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes such as electrochemical oxidation and ozone are alternative applications to effectively remove color and toxic organic compounds however some disadvantages include operating costs and possible production of chlorinated organic by-products in the receiving waters. Membrane filtration processes such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are promising technologies for an ecological friendly approach to treating textile effluent for reuse since it consumes less water and energy. The aim of this review paper is to describe two novel methods for reducing pollution load in textile dyeing of cellulose fabrics. The first method is the use of cationic reagents as a pretreatment for cotton fibers to enhance dye fixation and the second method uses supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) to replace water as a dye transfer medium. An overview on textile dyes, dye fixation, and dyeing process will be discussed. Furthermore, effluent treatment technologies such as coagulation, advanced oxidation processes (electrochemical oxidation and ozone) and membrane filtration technologies (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) in which the mechanism and evaluated as promising applications for treating effluent water to be reuse in textile wet processing operations such as dyeing. Textile Dyes And Dye Fixation Dyes are described as colored substances with complex chemical structures and high molecular weights. By definition the color arises from the attachment of the auxochrome to the chromophore (light absorbing group) of the dyes that alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. Dyes manufactured for clothes makers are designed to have good light stability and chemical resistance to degradation, however due to the high solubility of dyes in water biological treatments are ineffective in removing color from the effluent. Wash fastness is an important factor to weigh into consideration when determining the durability of the product. It is dependent on the covalent bond strength between the fiber and dye against alkaline and acid hydrolysis, and the efficient use of water to remove unreacted dye from the substrate. The degree by which dyes are fixed on to fiber and get discharged into the treatment bath after wash-off is referred to as dye fixation. The influence of dye loss is a ttributed to several factors such as the type of dye, the depth of shade, application method, and liquid ratio (water/energy consumption). Cotton and other celullosic fabrics are colored with reactive dyes because these dyes have good light stability and good wash fastness characteristics but poor dye-fixation yields (60-70%). Reactive dyes attach on the fiber via a covalent bond formation between the reactive group of the dye and the nucleophilic group in the fiber. The dye-fiber reaction is facilitated by large amounts of salt and electrolytes that reduce the charge repulsion forces between the negatively charge dye molecules and the negatively charge hydroxyl groups in the fiber as a result of the ionization of cellulose hydroxyl groups in water. However, due to the competitive reaction between the hydroxyl anions (OH-) in the alkaline bath and negatively charge dye molecules for the ionized hydroxyl groups in the cellulose fibers which are the nucleophiles for the dye-fiber reaction; approximately 40% of hydrolyzed (un-fixed) dye remains in the treatment bath at the end of dyeing process. An extensive demand for was h-off is required to achieve the desired wash fastness characteristics on the product. Textile Dyeing Before the fabric enters the dyeing process it must be properly treated to remove all natural impurities and chemical residues applied during operating processes such as fiber production, and fabric weaving and knitting. The pretreatment process includes desizing, bleaching, and mercerization of which contribute nearly fifty percent of waste pollution generated by the industry. Conventional dyeing processes use large amounts of water nearly 100L of water per 1kg of textile. Water is a â€Å"poor† medium for transferring dyes on to the fabric from an environmental point of view because of the increasing shortage of water available. Salts and alkali are added when dyeing cotton with reactive dyes in order facilitate the affinity for the dye molecules on the fiber. The treatment bath at the end of dyeing process is heavily polluted with toxic organic compounds, electrolytes, and residual of dyes of which can be expensive to recover and purify. Effluent disposal is the primary opt ion since treated water to be reuse in the industry needs to have no color, no suspended solids, low COD, and low conductivity levels. Therefore, the development of environmentally safe production methods is challenging since both the wastewater quality and quantity depend to a considerable degree on the technique used for a certain substrate (fiber). Influence Of Cationization For Dyeing Cellulose Fibers With Reactive Dyes The influence of cationization for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes enables an environmentally friendly approach to increase dye utilization, lower water and energy consumption, and reduce effluent disposal/treatment. Cationization of cotton is generally performed by introducing amino groups in the cellulose fiber through the reaction of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose fiber and the reactive group (e.g. epoxy and 4-vinylpyridine) of the quarternary cationic agents. The pretreatment of cellulose fibers with reactive cationic agents will increase dye adsorption as a result of the columbic attraction between anionic dye molecules and nucleophiles on the substrate. The dye-fiber reaction can occur under neutral or mild acidic conditions without the use of electrolytes and therefore severe wash-off procedures can be eliminated since hydrolysis of dyes generally occurs in alkaline conditions. EPTMAC, 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, is an example of a quarternary cationic agent used in research studies to investigate the use of cationization for improving dye adsorption of cellulose with reactive dyes. Under alkaline conditions EPTMAC will react with alcohols to form ethers and thus produce a cationized fiber when it reacts with the methyl hydroxyl groups at the C6 position of the cellulose polymer. A combination of electrostatic interactions such as ion-ion or ion-dipole forces, intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and van der waal forces may influence the adsorption of the cationic group of the pretreatment agent to the anionic carboxylic groups in the cellulose fiber. The reaction between the reactive group of dye molecules and the amino-functional nucleophiles of the cationized fiber has been proposed by Blackburn and Burkinshaw (2003) to occur via a nucleophilic substitution mechanism or a Michael addition to a double bond. Factors that appear to influence the cationic process of dyeing fabrics include cationic reagent concentration, dye concentration, and temperature. Kanik and Hauser (2004) demonstrated that increasing the cationic reagent concentration in the pretreatment solution caused a decrease in dye penetration of the substrate suggesting that an increase in surface coloration occurred as result of the strong ionic attraction of dye molecules for the cationic charges on the fiber. Montazer et al. (2007) reported that the color strength (K/S) values for dyeing with treated cotton with cationic process were often 2-4 times better than that of dyeing via conventional methods (K/S values range from 1-4). The effect of temperature influenced the percent of total dye utilization by increasing the absorption of cationic reagent for the substrate. Subramanian et al. (2006) demonstrated that better color strength values (K/S value 12.987) and maximum total dye utilization (T value 95.1%) were obtained when 20% concentration of cationic reagent (CIBAFIX WFF), 10g/L of soda ash, and an optimal temperature of 70 ºC was used as the cationization parameters. A substantial reduction in industrial pollutants such as BOD5, COD, and total dissolved solids were determined using cationic reagent CIBAFIX WFF compared to dyeing untreated fabric by conventional methods. Blackburn and Burkinshaw (2003) reported the pretreatment of fabric via cationization reduced the level of water consumption to nearly half of that applied during the normal dyeing process ( Textile Dyeing In SuperCritical Carbon Dioxide Supercritical fluid technology is a promising application for the development of a water-free dyeing process in that it can be environmental friendly, energy saving, increase productivity, and eliminate effluent treatment and disposal. The beneficial properties of dyeing textiles in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) are that it is expensive, non-toxic, non-flammable, CO2 can be recycled, and control in dye application rate. SC-CO2 exhibits densities and solvating powers similar to liquid solvents adding to its advantages in textile processing, since its low viscosity and rapid diffusion properties allow the dye to diffuse faster into the textile fibers. SC-CO2 has been successfully employed as a solvent system in the dyeing and finishing processes for synthetic fibers such as polyesters. In polyester dyeing, SC-CO2 penetrates inside the fibers causing them to swell thereby making the fibers accessible to the dye molecules. As the pressure is lowered the dye molecules are trapped inside the shrinking polyester fibers and no waste is generated since the dye molecules cannot be hydrolyzed and no additional energy is required to dry the fabric after dyeing [18]. Since non-polar dyes are primarily used in supercritical CO2 dyeing further development is required to enhance the dyeing of natural fibers with ionic dyes such as acid dyes or reactive dyes because the affinity of natural textiles with dyes occurs by chemical (covalent bonds) interactions or fixed by physical (van der waals) forces.20-21 Kraan et al. (2003) reported four factors that influence the role of supercritical CO2 dyeing for natural fibers â€Å"(1) dye solubility at operating pressure and temperature, (2) fiber accessibility to allow diffusion of dye molecules on substrate pores, (3) dye-fiber substantivity, and (4) the reactivity of dye with the textile.† Sawada et al. (2004) investigated the action of co-surfactant on the phase boundaries of the pentaethylene glycol n-octyl ether C8H5 reverse micelle using various kinds of alcohols and discussed he solubility of ionic dyes in the C8H5 reverse micellar system when co-surfactant density of CO2 and temperature are varied. The research strategy was to dissolve the ionic dye in a SC-CO2/reverse micellar system that involves dispersing a small quantity of water in SC-CO2 and co-surfactant suitable dye bath that contained conventional ionic dyes in SC-CO2. Alcohol, particularly 1-pentanol seems is a suitable co-surfactant to accelerate the solubilization of water in SC-CO2; it assists the formation of stable reverse micelles. Pentaethylene glycol n-octyl ether C8H5 as a surfactant is soluble in liquid and SC-CO2; the complex C8H5/CO2 system has a potential to enhance the solubility of water by an addition of co-surfactant in comparison with a typical reverse micellar system in organic media . Beltrame et al (1998) investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol as a pre-treatment of cotton fabrics in SC-CO2 and the results showed that the dye uptake was strongly increased if cotton was pretreated with PEG. PEG is able to form hydrogen bonds with cellulose chains this prevents the complete deswelling of the fibers during the SC-CO2 treatment thus maintaining to cotton the more accessible to dyeing. At the end of the treatment however when the CO2 is evacuated the dyes migrate out of the polymer in the undissolved state through the polymer pores and washing fastness is consequently very low. In order to avoid these undesired effects benzamide which is soluble in SC-CO2 is a good solvent for disperse dyes as a synergistic agent; it is able to form hydrogen bonds with cotton and PEG thus favoring dye entrapment through the partial occlusion of cellulose pores. The results yield good dye uptake, light and wet-washing fastness are good increasing the durability of the product. F ernandez Cid et al (2005) prior to dyeing the cotton it was presoaked in a solution of methanol to swell the fibers. The methanol replaces the water in the cotton and will attach the cotton hydrogen bonds. The hydrophobic part of the methanol will make diffusion of hydrophobic non-polar reactive dyes into the cotton possible. Application In Wastewater Treatments The treatment of textile wastewater for reuse in textile operations represents an ecological and economical challenge since textile effluents vary in composition due to the different chemicals or physical processes used on fabrics and machinery. Textile pollutants of environmental concern include residual dyes, color, BOD, COD, heavy metals, pH, high suspended solids, and toxic organic compounds.2 Typical effluents characterized in the textile industry and their measurements are presented in Table 1 [23]. Table 1. Effluent Characteristics of Textile Wastewater [derived from Kdasi et al., 2004] Parameters Values pH 7.0-9.0 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 80-6,000 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) 150-12,000 Total suspended solids (mg/L) 15-8,000 Total dissolved solids (mg/L) 2,900-3,100 Chloride (mg/L) 70-80 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) 70-80 Color (Pt-Co) 50-2500 The removal of COD and BOD are important from an environmental point view since high levels can deplete the level of dissolved oxygen in receiving rivers causing an increased amount of non-biodegradable organic matter.23 Some advantages and disadvantages for the various chemical-physical treatment processes applied for cleaning wastewater is listed in table 3 (edited from babu et al). References 1. Babu, B. R.; Parande, A.K.; Raghu, S.; Kumar, T.P. Textile Technology, Cotton Textile Processing: Waste Generation and Effluent Treatment. J. Cotton Sci. 11, 141-153 (2007). 2. Savin, I.; Butnaru, R. Wastewater Characteristics in Textile Finishing Mills. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 7, 859-864 (2008). 3. Ren, X. Development of environmental performance indicators for textile process and product. Journal of Cleaner Production 8, 473-481 (2000). 4. Hendrickx, I.; Boardman, G.D. Pollution Prevention Studies in the Textile Wet Processing Industry [Literature Review]. VPI SU Dept. of Civil Engineering, Blacksburg, VA.. Tech. Rep. NCDENR (Ref/01/00469) (May 1995). 5. Ergas, S. J.; Therriault, B. M.; Reckhow, D. A. Evaluation of Water Reuse Technologies for the Textile Industry. Journal of Environmental Engineering 132, 315-323 (2006). 6. Laing, I. G. The Impact of Effluent regulations on the dyeing industry. Rev. Prog. Coloration 21, 56-71 (1991). 7. Alinsafi, A.; da Motta, M.; Le Bonte, S.; Pons, M.N.; Benhammou, A. Effect of variability on the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater by activated sludge. Dyes and Pigments 69, 31-39 (2006). 8. Lin, S.H. and Chen, M.L.. Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Chemical Methods for Reuse. Wat. Res. 31, 868-876 (1997). 9. Canizares, P.; Martinez, F.; Jimenez, C.; Lobato, J.; Rodrigo, M.A. Coagulation and Electrocoagulation of Wastes Polluted with Dyes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 6418-6424 (2006). 10. ONeill, C.; Hawkes, F. R.; Hawkes, D. L.; Lourenco, N. D.; Pinheiro, H. M.; Delee, W. Colour in textile effluents-sources, measurement, discharge consents and simulation: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 74, 1009-1018 (1999). 11. Kulkarni, S. V.; Blackwell, C. D.; Blackard, A. L..; Stackhouse, C. W.; Alexander, M.W.; Textile Dyes and Dyeing Equipment: Classification, Properties, and Environmental Aspects. US EPA , Research Triangle Park, NC, 1985. 12. Blackburn, R.S.; Burkinshaw, S.M. Treatment of Cellulose with Cationic, Nucleophilic Polymers to Enable Reactive Dyeing at Neutral pH withouth electrolyte addition. J. Applied Polymer Science 89, 1026-1031 (2003). 13. Fernandez Cid, M.V.; van Spronsen, J.; van der Kraan, M.; Veugelers, W.J.T.; Woerlee, G.F.; Witkamp, G.J. Excellent dye fixation on cotton dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide using flurotriazine reactive dyes. Green Chem. 7, 609-616 (2005). 14. Frazer, L. A Cleaner Way to Color Cotton. Env. Health Perspectives , 110, 252-254 (2002). 15. Montazer, M.; Malek, R.M.A.; Rahimi, A. Salt Free Reactive Dyeing of Cationized Cotton. Fibers and Polymers 8, 608-612 (2007). 16. Kanik, M. and Hauser, P.J. Printing Cationized Cotton with Direct Dyes. Textile Research Journal 74, 43-50 (2004). 17. Subramanian, M.; Kannan, S.; Gobalakrishnan, M.; Kumaravel, S.; Nithyanadan, R.; Rajashankar, K.J.; Vadicherala, T. Influence of Cationization of Cotton on Reactive Dyeing. JTATM 5, 1-16 (2006). 18. Montero, G.A.; Smith, C.B.; Hendrix, W.A.; Butcher, D.L. Supercritical Fluid Technology in Textile Processing: An Overview. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 4806-4812 (2000). 19. Ozcan, A.S.; Clifford, A.A.; Bartle, K.D. Solubility of Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 590-592 (1997). 20. kraan et al 21. Sawada, K.; Takagi, T.; Ueda, M. Solubilization of ionic dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide a basic study for dyeing fiber in non-aqueous media. Dyes and Pigments 60, 129-135 (2004). 22. Beltrame, P.L.; Castelli, A.; Selli, E.; Mossa, A.; Testa, G.; Bonfatti, A.M.; Seves, A. Dyeing of Cotton in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Dyes and Pigments, 39, 335-340 (1998). 23. Al-Kdasi, A.; Idris, A.; Saed, K.; Guan, C.T. Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes-A Review. Global Nest: the Int.J. 6, 222-230 (2004).

Friday, September 20, 2019

Challenges for Advertising Agencies by New Delivery Systems

Challenges for Advertising Agencies by New Delivery Systems Maphosa  Mokone Title of essay or assignment: WHAT HAS BEEN THE CHALLENGE POSED FOR ADVERTISING AGENCIES BY NEW MEDIA AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS? This essay will firstly give a brief overview of the beginning of advertising agencies followed by a brief outline of the role of these advertising agencies. This will be followed by a discussion of about new media and its functions. The challenges that new media and delivery systems have posed for advertising agencies will be discussed and finally a conclusion. Overview of the beginning of advertising agencies will be discussed followed by a brief outline of the role of advertising agencies. Advertising agencies first became prominent in the late 1800s with a rising demand for advertising services from magazines and newspapers (Reference). The first known and acknowledged advertising agency was William Taylor from as early as 1786 followed by another prominent one in 1800 which was started by James Jem White at Fleet Street in London. Agencies started in America in 1850 which placed client produced advertisements in newspapers (Reference). Agencies started operating on a global scale during the early twentieth century. One of the currently well-known advertising agencies that started in the 1850s is James Walter Thompson (JWT) (Reference). JWT first joined Carlton and Smith Agency; eventually purchasing the advertising firm in 1877 and renamed it JWT. Inorder to be to make the agency successful, JWT hired artists and writers; forming the first known Creative Department in any advertising agency. JWT was also the first agency to develop and leave a global footprint (Refer ence). Since then, several other agencies have been created. Whilst some have survived through adapting to current global technological changes, some have folded as a result of depleting advertising budgets. This will be discussed further within the essay. Christian, (2014) asserts that advertising agencies usually operate independently from their clients and sometimes handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients. Businesses have for many years been reliant on advertising agencies which use advertising platforms such as television, newspapers, radio and magazines. Advertising agencies are services centred on advertising businesses. According to Hackley, (2010), advertising agencies create, plan and handle advertising for its customers. Advertising agencies may sometimes include marketing and undertake other promotional work for its clients (Hackley, 2010); and can sometimes also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for customers depending on the customers needs (Hackley, 2010). In the beginning, advertising agencies did not create advertisements but simply brokered advertising space in magazines and newspapers. Advertising agencies have overtime added creative se rvices to increase revenue. Their main role is to work with clients to develop advertising campaigns. They are staffed by copywriters, art directors, and media planners who create and place advertisements in what they deem as appropriate media for target audiences. Advertising agencies work within a companys advertising budget. What is New Media and its functions Advertising is becoming increasingly refined due to the introduction of new media. Chun and Keenan, (2006. Eds) refer to New media as products and services that provide information using various forms of electronic communication accessible the use of computer technology; it generally describes content that can is available on-demand through the Internet. New media enables people to view any content on various devices such as computers, laptops, tablets etcetera. This provides people with a way to immediately interact with the content and also enables people to share a lot of content online within a short space of time; this can be social networks or work related content with co-workers. Heath and Bryant, (2000) state that the introduction of new media has posed challenges to traditional advertising agencies due to the growth of the Internet and mobile technologies. Lewis, (2010) concurs by suggesting that the introduction of new media has had significant implications for advertising industry as new media has become the preferred platform of advertising thereby usurping business from advertising agencies. Dewdney and Ride, (2006) state that one of the key features of new and emerging media technologies which are now being used to advertise are often portable and have the capability to reach a wider audience within a very short space of time. New media advertising is mainly cost effective as most of the advertising platforms are free; this is not the case with old media which has always been used by advertising agencies (Lindgren cited in Galloway, 2005). New media advertising has the ability to promote visual marketing which is appealing to the consumer as compared to old media advertising which mostly in print form; and also enables content delivery on demand by consumers depending on the target audience (Las Vegas Review Journal, 2016). New media enables clients to develop blogs or webpages that provide up-to-date information on their products or services within seconds whereas advertising media have to plan in advance and schedule release of information following availability and purchase of advertising space. Within new media delivery systems, customers can subscribe to news feeds by receiving alerts to sales or company events directly to their electronic gadgets (reference). Companies with an online presence can also advertise their business on other popular websites to direct unique visitors to their companys webpage or use influencers to draw business towards their products. Whilst advertising agencies can also use influencers , it takes longer for advertisements to be seen on print media.In addition, new media has the ability and capacity to facilitate person-to-person communication through the availability of multimedia messaging through MMS, text messaging, SMS, emailing, SMS, online chatting and instant messaging, online forums and blogging within a short space of time; whereas old media used by advertising agencies is usually more of story -telling and rarely delivers specific calls to action (Streten, 2013). Advertising agencies use a one way form of communication whereas new media offers a two way communication with target audiences hence businesses now rely more on new media as it is easy to reach prospective new clients (Hausman, 2012) (Owen, 1999). This poses a massive challenge to advertising agencies as the amount of time taken to reach the same number of prospective clients will be much more. New media has brought about change to service provision in areas as diverse as dating, delivery of hi gher education courses and how people do their banking and the advantage is that this can be set for specific target audiences and therefore most companies will prefer this type of advertising as the target audience will be reached faster in comparison to traditional advertising; for example, when advertising adult content on television, this can only be advertised after watershed times and by then, some of the target audiences will not be watching or might miss the adverts (Bennet, 2003). Advertising agencies have been known to work as a link between smaller businesses which cannot often afford personal marketing teams and therefore companies, especially smaller ones turn to new advertising platforms as these are usually free (Inc.com, 2016). Advertising agencies have for many years focused predominantly on traditional media advertising, alongside television media (Brooks, 2012). However, new media has dramatically changed the role that print advertising plays in an agencys overall strategy and therefore advertising agencies have to now determine the new role for print, if any leading to the agencys further predicament. New media enables advertisers to quantify the increased revenue to clients which is a challenge to advertising agencies as their revenues cannot be accurately quantifiable (Hausman, 2012). New media, for example, Instagram, has the provision for advertisers with business insights, to understand their followers and clients engagement with the advertisin g campaigns (Instagram Business Tools, 2016) whereas advertising agencies do not have this provision especially if advertising on print media. Advertising agencies will need to master brand advertising and marketing and so as to be able to quantify the increased revenue to clients. In addition, agencies will need to work to focus more on the customer than its client inorder to somehow match new media delivery systems. This is likely to be costly for the agency as they need to train staff and change the rest of their planned advertisements (Reference) The challenges that new media and delivery systems have posed for advertising agencies New media has dramatically changed how advertising works and are continuously presenting several challenges for advertising agencies. Some of the hurdles encountered by advertising agencies include using new media and delivery systems media to deliver financial outcomes for clients, and they effectively integrate new media delivery systems such as Facebook, Instagram and twitter into inclusive campaigns and use these to convince clients that experts in social media can effectively deliver better results than doing so in person. Willott, (2011) suggest that changes in both technological and consumer behaviour have led to significant implications for the advertising industry. He argues that new media has given rise to the need to revisit advertising strategies and to the development of new ways of customer engagement for marketers during the communication process. Deuze, (2005) states that whilst engaging customers in advertising activities, new media has forced agencies to rethink new creative possibilities therefore creating challenges for adverting agencies as they have been used to a certain way of advertising which has always suited their business without taking the consumer into much consideration (2007). Therefore, it in this sense that new media has created both opportunities and challenges to advertising agencies and practitioners as they need to rise to the challenge of new media delivery systems by working in a way that will surpass or match or new media advertising. Falls (2009) suggests that advertising agencies are trying to figure out social media and if they want to continue to offer various marketing services to clients, then it is important to evolve and embrace some tenets of new media and adjust advertising strategies. He indicates that some agencies are adjusting by hiring smart new media thinkers; however there are still many that still operate in the same way they did before the introduction of media which has taken over the world of adverting. Falls, (2010) further states that many ad agencies have not yet figured out Interactive advertising; for example, Web 1.0 followed by Web 2.0 and many agencies and their respective creatives (art directors, copywriters, designers) and clients services teams are still not trained to think digitally. He argues that the problem is that there is a culture clash between advertising agencies and new media advertising and the issues can be said to both philosophical and tactical. (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Philosophically, Falls, (2010) suggest that advertising agencies use a one-way communication system aimed at large groups of customers as compared to new media delivery systems which offer a two-way communication system; this requires listening and speaking. He further argues that new media can be deemed a multiple-way communication system as brands can speak and listen to customers and also observe or watch whilst other customers communicate with each other. Agencies creatives and strategic planners have to try and include similar communication systems however this will take a long time to achieve and can be costly as they have to either engage staff that are familiar with new media or train their existing staff on how new media works which may not be cost effective (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). It can be argued that new media delivery systems are customer focussed as it offers value for money to customers whereas advertising agencies are more business focussed and do not of fer to build a relationship with the customer (Coghlan, W. 2007). Therefore, philosophically, it can be argued that agency creative staff are being asked to all of a sudden master and undertake new methods of advertising and communicating which is in contrast to everything they have learnt in their careers. This has a direct impact on agencies as it directly impacts staff morale and can be counter effective. Looking at the issues from a tactical view, Falls, (2010) states that advertising creatives have always primarily focussed on traditional media and therefore are not wed savvy. For most of the employees, during the traditional advertising era, there were technological or electronic designing classes. Advertising was more art focussed which means the agency directors and designers were and still are more art focussed than technological. Traditional advertising is more linked to storytelling whereas web savvy specialists emanate from a technological era hence are experienced at in teractive or digital communication and work production. Falls, (2010) further states within advertising agencies, creative teams usually brainstorm to create their advertisements and are usually not part of the creative process and told what to input in their creative pieces by someone who makes the decision whereas those from the new media era are part of the creative process and therefore become part of the decision making process. (Reference). In addition, new media revolves around content creation, however, advertising agencies are incapable and ill prepared to create and produce the volume and type of content necessary for delivery systems such as Facebook, blogs, YouTube, Instagram and twitter, to name a few. New media on the other hand produces immediate quick conversational and responsive content whereas advertising agencies have to proof read several times and given the go ahead to publish. Advertising agencies buy advertising space and place advertisements for their clients and this is for a certain period of time however in new media, any posts last as long as the user likes and therefore are available to be viewed by more people generating possible new clientele (Reference). This has resulted in advertising agencies realising massive plummeting revenue figures. Due to advertising revenue falling due to plummeting readership and circulation, agencies have been forced to let some of its staff go which has endangered the quality of the newspapers and worsened the situation for advertising agencies (Currah, 2009a). Staff turnover has had a huge impact on advertising agencies due to loss of jobs due to most work which was manually done in old media being done technologically/electronically. Gregory, (2012)s research into how new media was impacting on advertising agencies indicates in the recent global recession in addition to new media appears to have left a massive impa ct on advertising agencies and their employees. Gregory, (2012) states several agencies had to downsize or lay off most of their employees while other employees moved to different industries because they were unsure about their jobs. Learmont, (2008), reports that according to a web based advertising agency media analysis of US Department of Labour employment statistics and news reports, advertising agencies in the United States shed more than 30,000 jobs in 2008 inorder to remain viable. However, in shedding these jobs, the agencies are likely to encounter further challenges as the laid off staff have the knowledge of how advertising works and therefore can get together and start their own competitive agencies that utilise new media and therefore pose more challenges as their customers will follow them in top their new businesses as they will already have a working partnership. These changes resulted in high turnover at other competing corporations; therefore, this weakened client ties to advertising agencies as most employees that individual clients had developed working relationships with had left the advertising agencies and therefore took their businesses elsewhere. Clients were unsure if these advertising agencies would continue trading which could negatively impact their businesses if the agencies went out of business (Gregory, 2012). Advertising agencies need to have consistent and trusting relationships with their afloat otherwise a non-consistent relationship makes it easier for clients to take their business elsewhere. Inorder to overcome McCabe, (2012 in Gregory, 2012) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. its difficult to maintain consistent creative approaches and media buying strategies when writers, art directors and media buyers dont remain agency employees beyond one airing of an advertising campaign, This mainly results from low sta ff turnover following agencies retrenching staff go due to low clientele leading to agencies losing their income base. Most business that was traditionally handled by advertising agencies has now mostly been taken over by new media advertising. Business owners appear to prefer this type of advertising as they argue that whilst there are certain challenges in using new media for business advertisements, these are outweighed by the opportunities in terms of cost, longevity of displayed advertisements, reaching target audience on a wide scale (e-marketer, 2016): for example, advertising on Facebook also advertises on Instagram meaning you place one advert on one delivery system and it appears on other delivery systems using Instagrams hashtag system. Due to the hours people spend on their mobile phones, emails and browsing social networks, a little time is now spent reading newspapers and magazines and usually by the older generation who still prefer traditional media advertising, advertising agencies that have remained afloat have had to completely change the way. Most customers would like to skip commercial and therefore prefer to use new media delivery systems which enables them to skip commercials and view whatever interests them. Epstein, (2015) states that advertising agencies and brand advertisers are still focussing on the short slots they that traditional media has used since the inception of traditional advertising because this is what they have always known and been good at. However, due to their reluctance to adapt to the changes brought by new media, the agencies are failing to reach their target audiences as the audiences have now been swept away by the new media and service delivery systems (Choi, (2011). Therefore , it can be argued that despite these changes and challenges being encountered by agencies, they are still inept to adapt to the changes that are ruining agency efficacy. Advertising agencies have become rigid to the ways to they practice such that they have been increasingly slow to adapt to the new media ways of practice (Haughteling, 2015) This could be a result of the way advertisements have been formulated in the past and because they have over the years successfully operated in this way, agencies do not see the need to adapt and evolve to the advertising trends brought about by new media and delivery systems. Haughteling, (2015) suggests that the big successful advertising agencies such as Omnicom, IPG[1], Saatchi and Saatchi and WPP to name a few, have adapted and focussed more upon its digital functions and in so doing, shuffled their teams to suit current trends and laid off excess staff and hired already qualified personnel who are adept in using new media. However, with a ll the changes the agencies have undergone, these have not altered the fundamental threats faced by advertising agencies in this era of rapid technological change resulting from the excellence of new media (Beeching and Wood, 2007). If agencies are ill-equipped to handle the demands of digital media, new partners who are ready to rise upto the challenge will continue to usurp business from the agencies and additional challenges will be realised by agencies and affect their efforts of trying to remain afloat and in competition. In addition, brands can directly partner digital influencers who have hordes of new media followers and play an important role in matching brands, manufacturers and clients as they help to coordinate broader campaigns (Benkler, 2006). Whilst advertising agencies place advertisements that aims to reach a wider group of customers, new media involves individually tailored person to person marketing (Hausman, 2012). New media uses targeting tools which enables advertisers to pay only for advertisements that they feel prospective clients who might be interested in the advertised products (Allen, 2015). Magazine advertising campaigns are commonly produced beforehand and are usually scheduled for months which does not satisfy the consumers need for new content on a regular basis (Hausman, 2012). New media on the other hand produces and immediately issues out regular new content on a regular basis. In addition, OGuinn et al., (2012) state that advertising agencies have periodical subscription fees as compared to new media which is mostly free or cheaper which results in new media having the urge over advertisements placed by advertising agencies. Therefore, this poses several challenges for advertising agencies as they lo se regular and prospective clientele to new media platforms which offers them much more for less payments. In addition to the above, advertising agencies do not completely. Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that the rise of new media has posed challenges for advertising agencies in that major changes have been realised within the advertising industry as a whole and to the role of advertising agencies in particular. Coghlan, W. (2007) states that advertising agencies work as a link between clients and consumers however the speed with which new media delivery systems avails new content on various platforms cannot be matched by platforms used by advertising agencies. New media continues to lead in the advertising setting and research shows that it still has a capability to gain further momentum with the next few years as more and more delivery systems are being introduced which appear to be favoured by both the customers and clients (Reference). New media advertising has opened a whole new wide world of opportunities for clients as more and more customers are engaging well with new media. 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